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wbtv.com
· 2025-12-08
In 2023, Americans over 60 experienced elder fraud at record levels, with 101,000 complaints filed and estimated losses of $3.4 billion—a 14% increase from 2022, with investment scams being the costliest type of fraud targeting this age group. The FBI urges seniors to avoid unsolicited calls from supposed government agencies, watch for red flags like pressure to act quickly or requests for prepaid cards and wire transfers, and register with the National Do-Not-Call Registry. Financial institutions and family members are encouraged to help protect seniors by verifying callers and discussing fraud awareness.
aimamedia.org
· 2025-12-08
Unable to provide a reliable summary. This article lacks clear factual reporting with verifiable details about a specific scam. The text is heavily opinionated, contains unclear allegations against political figures and officials without documented evidence, dollar amounts, or identified victims, and appears to be a political critique rather than a documented case of elder fraud or financial scams affecting seniors.
aimamedia.org
· 2025-12-08
This article alleges that India's State Department of Information and Public Relations (I&PR) engaged in a systematic accreditation scam over five years, where media credentials were sold for Rs. 10,000-20,000 to YSRCP political party workers, supporters, and unqualified individuals instead of legitimate journalists. The scheme reportedly involved high-ranking I&PR officials who granted accreditations at the direction of YSRCP ministers and MLAs, with over 40 accreditations given by one minister alone and more than 1,700 issued in Krishna district, effectively sidelining genuine news organizations.
insideedition.com
· 2025-12-08
This article highlights three cases where seniors successfully defended themselves against fraud and crime. A New York grandmother helped police catch a scammer in 2022, Joyce Kennedy used perfume to thwart a kidnapping attempt in 2016, and another grandmother turned the tables on a grandparent scam caller in May by ultimately outwitting the perpetrator.
wiscassetnewspaper.com
· 2025-12-08
This AARP awareness piece highlights elder financial exploitation as a multi-billion dollar crime and promotes a free educational event on June 20 featuring Philip Marshall, whose grandmother Brooke Astor (a wealthy New York philanthropist) was isolated, manipulated, and financially exploited by her son in her later years. The article encourages the public to learn scam prevention through AARP's Fraud Watch Network and upcoming speaker programs.
sbsun.com
· 2025-12-08
This educational article examines resources and technology available to combat elder abuse, which manifests in physical, emotional, and financial forms. It highlights dedicated support services including the National Elder Fraud Hotline, counseling, legal aid, financial management programs, and emergency housing for victims, illustrated through the case of Martha, an 82-year-old experiencing financial abuse by her nephew. The article also discusses how monitoring technology—such as wearable devices and in-home cameras—can help detect and prevent abuse, as demonstrated through the story of Harold, a 78-year-old whose daughter used these tools to identify physical abuse from a distance.
wmdt.com
· 2025-12-08
During Maryland's PROTECT Week, state officials highlighted efforts to combat elder financial abuse, which affects one in five adults over 65 and costs seniors $2.9 billion annually, despite younger Americans being more frequent targets. Maryland Attorney General Anthony Brown and Comptroller Brooke Lierman announced that their offices are working through Project SAFE and other initiatives to educate seniors and pursue asset recovery, emphasizing that scammers—including trusted family members and neighbors—specifically target seniors' life savings. The officials provided protective tips including letting unknown calls go to voicemail, guarding personal information, and regularly monitoring financial statements, while encouraging victims to seek help without shame.
baltimoresun.com
· 2025-12-08
Maryland's attorney general and comptroller held a public awareness event in Annapolis to warn older residents about financial fraud risks and prevention strategies. According to AARP data cited in the warning, one in five older adults has fallen victim to fraud schemes, highlighting the widespread nature of this problem in the state.
actionnews5.com
· 2025-12-08
This article does not contain information about scams, fraud, or elder abuse. It covers community assistance initiatives including a Christmas gift program, fire safety awareness, and HUD funding for senior home repairs in Memphis. It is not relevant to the Elderus fraud research database.
actionnews5.com
· 2025-12-08
The FBI reported an 11% increase in elder fraud losses in 2023 compared to 2022, with people over 60 losing $3.4 billion nationwide and $43 million in Tennessee alone. Common scams targeting seniors include cryptocurrency investments, tech support fraud, business scams, and romance scams, with scammers exploiting older adults' disposable income and lower proficiency with online services. The FBI advises victims to stop sending money, cut off contact with scammers, and file complaints with the Internet Crime Complaint Center immediately.
mageenews.com
· 2025-12-08
World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (June 15, 2024) was recognized by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Mississippi to promote awareness of elder fraud and abuse. The Justice Department highlighted common scams targeting seniors—including Social Security impostor schemes, tech support fraud, and lottery scams—and emphasized that information and vigilance, along with partnerships between law enforcement and the public, are key to prevention. Resources like the Transnational Elder Fraud Task Force and Senior Scam Alerts are available to help older individuals and families identify and avoid fraudulent activity.
mcall.com
· 2025-12-08
The Lehigh County District Attorney's Office is hosting a free "Safeguarding Seniors" symposium on June 25 to educate older residents and caregivers about recognizing fraud, abuse, and neglect. The event will feature personal stories from families affected by elder abuse, training on identifying scam red flags from the Pennsylvania Attorney General's Elder Abuse Unit, and interactive "Fraud Scam Bingo" sessions to help attendees detect financial fraud.
justice.gov
· 2025-12-08
On June 15, 2024, U.S. Attorney Vanessa R. Waldref recognized World Elder Abuse Awareness Day and highlighted that financial exploitation is the most common form of elder abuse, costing older adults an estimated $23 billion annually. The U.S. Attorney's Office has expanded efforts to combat elder fraud through initiatives including the Transnational Elder Fraud Task Force, which targets foreign-based schemes, the Money Mule Initiative to disrupt fraud networks, and Senior Scam Alerts educating the public about common schemes such as Social Security impostor scams, tech support fraud, and lottery scams.
justice.gov
· 2025-12-08
The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of North Carolina recognized World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (June 15) by partnering with law enforcement agencies, AARP, Meals on Wheels, and the FBI to combat elder fraud through community education. The office hosted three public outreach events in Raleigh, Wake Forest, and Supply to help seniors recognize signs of financial scams and connect them with resources and support services. U.S. Attorney Michael Easley emphasized that seniors are frequently targeted by fraudsters and prioritized prosecuting cases involving elderly victims as part of broader efforts to protect vulnerable populations.
uppermichiganssource.com
· 2025-12-08
The Retired and Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP), hosted by United Way of the Eastern Upper Peninsula, received $920 in funding to host educational sessions called "Financial Empowerment for Everyone" aimed at seniors in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The presentations will teach participants how to recognize and avoid scams, spot signs of financial abuse, report fraud, protect financial documents, and practice technology safety.
publicnewsservice.org
· 2025-12-08
World Elder Abuse Awareness Day and AARP Maryland's PROTECT Week highlight the rising threat of elder financial abuse, with FBI data showing Americans age 60+ lost over $3.4 billion to scams in 2023, an 11% increase from the prior year. Common fraud schemes targeting seniors include tech support scams, phishing via email and text, and the "grandparents scam"—increasingly sophisticated with AI-generated voice mimicry and caller ID spoofing—with Maryland seniors alone reporting nearly $72 million in losses from nearly 2,000 complaints in 2023. Advocates stress that fraudsters often pose as trusted individuals like caretakers or neighbors
fox5atlanta.com
· 2025-12-08
An imposter posing as a Coweta County Sheriff's sergeant scammed a 68-year-old Georgia resident out of $7,200 by claiming the victim had a federal warrant and ordering him to deposit money into a Bitcoin machine while keeping him on the phone; this was the third successful scam targeting seniors in Coweta County within one month, totaling approximately $18,000 in losses. Police advise that legitimate law enforcement never requests deposits of any kind and recommend that potential victims verify threats by calling a trusted contact or actual law enforcement before complying.
crapo.senate.gov
· 2025-12-08
In 2023, seniors lost $3.4 billion to scams, an 11 percent increase from 2022, prompting Senator Mike Crapo to co-sponsor a unanimously passed Senate Resolution to combat elder fraud. Common scams targeting older Americans include romance schemes, fraudulent tech support, cryptocurrency conversion fraud, and investment scams, with warning signs including unexpected contact with pressure to act quickly, requests for personal information, and demands for untraceable payments. The Idaho Attorney General's office and other agencies provide educational resources and encourage seniors to report fraud without shame, noting that scammers are sophisticated and victims should contact law enforcement, their financial institutions, and relevant agencies rather than remaining silent due to
capitalgazette.com
· 2025-12-08
Maryland policymakers held a public awareness event warning older residents about financial fraud, which affected 1,985 adults age 60+ in the state last year. A 79-year-old Montgomery County woman lost over $500,000 to an FBI imposter scam involving fake fentanyl trafficking investigations, experiencing severe physical and psychological health consequences. State officials announced expanded protections for seniors and encouraged fraud victims to report incidents to law enforcement at 833-372-8311, emphasizing that reports help build cases against scammers targeting vulnerable populations nationwide.
nowhabersham.com
· 2025-12-08
Peach State Federal Credit Union launched community outreach initiatives to educate seniors about fraud prevention, holding free seminars at senior centers in Summerville and Toccoa with plans to expand across their service area. The credit union, which serves over 70,000 members in Georgia and South Carolina, provides fraud prevention resources through seminars, social media, and their website to help seniors and families identify and avoid financial exploitation. Membership is not required to attend the free educational sessions.
wdrb.com
· 2025-12-08
Kentucky seniors lost nearly $13 million to fraud in 2023 and approximately $12.7 million already by mid-2024, according to FBI data. One victim, 75-year-old Patti Kaster, lost $1.7 million after being deceived into believing she was communicating with her bank regarding fraudulent Amazon orders, ultimately selling her home to liquidate assets. The FBI advises seniors to avoid clicking links from unknown sources, verify email addresses and sender identities, monitor financial statements, and contact authorities or trusted family members immediately if they notice suspicious activity or red flags.
vieravoice.com
· 2025-12-08
This article is an educational awareness piece announcing a World Elder Abuse Awareness Day event hosted by the Brevard Commission on Aging on June 14. The piece highlights that millions of older adults annually fall victim to various scams including fraudulent phone calls, emails, and in-person interactions, with research suggesting only about 1 in 14 cases are reported to authorities. The free community event will feature expert speakers discussing internet and telephone scams, legal protections, and benefits for seniors over 65, with resources and reporting information provided for suspected elder abuse.
kare11.com
· 2025-12-08
A Maple Grove senior lost $20,000 in a phone scam after accidentally dialing an incorrect number and reaching scammers posing as Xfinity customer service. The scammer convinced the victim that his accounts had been hacked and pressured him to withdraw cash and deposit it into a Bitcoin ATM; a gas station clerk intervened during the final transaction, preventing the loss of an additional $5,000. Brooklyn Park police report that residents lost over $1 million to cryptocurrency scams in 2024, with recovery being nearly impossible once funds are transferred between digital wallets, particularly when scammers operate overseas.
theconversation.com
· 2025-12-08
In 2021, the FBI reported over 90,000 older adult victims of fraud losing $1.7 billion, a 74% increase from 2020, though actual numbers likely exceed reported cases due to underreporting. Financial exploitation—the most common form of elder abuse—often comes from trusted individuals and is enabled by cognitive decline with age, emotional vulnerabilities like loneliness and isolation, low digital literacy, and specific genetic risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease. Research shows that older adults' susceptibility to deception varies based on individual characteristics (cognition, memory, mood, social support) and the method of targeting (phishing emails, fake news, deepfakes), with
turnto10.com
· 2025-12-08
A survey by MedicareFAQ.com found that nearly 40% of seniors have fallen victim to scams, with victims losing an average of $3,500, though most never report the crimes due to not knowing where to report, embarrassment, or believing losses were too small. Common scam methods include phishing emails, fake tech support, phony shopping offers, phone calls, and text messages, and experts recommend seniors ignore unsolicited communications, monitor financial accounts closely, and set up transaction alerts to protect themselves.
yahoo.com
· 2025-12-08
A 91-year-old Rockland woman became a victim of credit card fraud in late 2022 when over $3,000 in unauthorized charges from Texas energy companies appeared on her statement after a Florida vacation, though her family's dispute with Citibank was closed due to insufficient information. The case highlights a broader problem: Massachusetts residents over 60 lost over $70 million to fraud in 2022, with seniors 517 percent more likely to fall victim to online tech support scams than younger adults. Experts recommend families monitor elderly parents' financial accounts closely and discuss common scam tactics, including requests for unusual payment methods and pressure to act quickly.
azfamily.com
· 2025-12-08
Senior citizens lost $3 billion to financial scams and fraud in the past year, with an average loss of $33,915 per victim, according to the FTC and FBI. Scammers target adults 60 and older through imposter scams (posing as banks, utilities, or the IRS with false urgency claims) and romance scams (developing fake relationships on social media before requesting payment via gift cards or cryptocurrency). Experts recommend that families discuss these fraud tactics with older relatives as a preventive measure, particularly during June's Elder Abuse Prevention Month.
wqad.com
· 2025-12-08
I cannot provide a summary of this text as it does not contain information about scams, fraud, or elder abuse. The provided text is only a generic app download prompt for a news station and lacks the necessary content about fraudulent activities, scams, or elder abuse cases that the Elderus database summarizes.
If you have an article about elder fraud, scams, or abuse you'd like summarized, please share that content instead.
panhandlenewsnetwork.com
· 2025-12-08
Samuel Kristofer Bunner, 51, of West Virginia, was sentenced to 121 months in federal prison for defrauding an elderly man with dementia of approximately $1.9 million through real estate sales, account theft, and identity fraud. Bunner used the stolen funds to purchase homes, vehicles, and consumer goods, and has been ordered to pay full restitution, though recovery is unlikely; the fraud significantly reduced the quality of care available to the victim in his declining years. Bunner's wife, Wendy Bunner, is a co-defendant awaiting sentencing.
phillytrib.com
· 2025-12-08
Philadelphia Corporation for Aging held an Elder Abuse Awareness Day panel discussion to address rising financial fraud against seniors, highlighting that elder abuse affects approximately 1 in 10 seniors nationally, with Pennsylvania victims losing about $12.5 million to financial exploitation. The panel discussed common fraud schemes including dishonest caregivers, unauthorized account withdrawals, and vacation rental scams, and emphasized that 60-90% of perpetrators are family members, making reporting difficult. Officials recommended protective measures such as establishing power of attorney, monitoring joint accounts, and contacting authorities like the Philadelphia District Attorney's Elder Justice Unit at (215) 686-5710 or the AARP Fraud Watch Network at (
wvmetronews.com
· 2025-12-08
Samuel Kristofer Bunner, 51, of Ranson, West Virginia, was sentenced to over 10 years in federal prison for defrauding an elderly man with dementia of nearly $2 million. After befriending the victim at a VFW where he worked, Bunner obtained power of attorney and systematically stole from him by selling real estate, liquidating investment accounts, and opening fraudulent credit cards. The victim's quality of care has deteriorated significantly as a result of losing his life savings, and Bunner has been ordered to pay $1.9 million in restitution, though full recovery is unlikely.
weareiowa.com
· 2025-12-08
According to the FBI's 2023 Elder Fraud Report, elderly people lost more than $3 billion to scams in 2023, with common schemes including romance scams (one victim lost over $300,000), lottery scams, and impersonation scams involving fake law enforcement or family members in distress. Clive Police Detective Maurio Coleman advises victims to establish code words with loved ones, verify claims by calling the person directly, avoid paying through gift cards or cryptocurrency, and report suspected fraud to local law enforcement or ic3.gov to help identify patterns across jurisdictions.
supertalk.fm
· 2025-12-08
The IRS issued a warning about rising impersonation scams targeting senior citizens nationwide, including in Mississippi, where fraudsters pose as government officials to steal personal information and money. These scams use tactics such as fabricating urgent debts or prize claims, threatening arrest or deportation, and demanding payment through untraceable methods like gift cards and cryptocurrency. The IRS advises seniors to hang up on unexpected calls claiming to be from the agency and to report suspected scams to the IRS at 1-800-366-4484.
highlandcountypress.com
· 2025-12-08
**Article:** "Raising awareness about fraud targeting seniors"
The FBI reported seniors lost $3.4 billion in 2023, an 11-percent increase from 2022, through scams including romance fraud, fake tech support, cryptocurrency schemes, and investment fraud. The article outlines six warning signs of scams and provides guidance on prevention measures and reporting channels, including contacting local police, the FTC, FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center, and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service.
azfamily.com
· 2025-12-08
This article does not contain content related to elder fraud, scams, or elder abuse. The news briefs cover unrelated topics including a body found in a canal, a dog shooting incident, school funding decisions, and a bicycle crash. It is not suitable for the Elderus fraud research database.
yahoo.com
· 2025-12-08
Research from the University of Florida shows that approximately 1 in 6 Americans aged 65+ are vulnerable targets for financial fraud, with the FBI reporting over 90,000 older victims in 2021 alone, resulting in $1.7 billion in losses (a 74% increase from 2020). Psychologists have identified that susceptibility to deception varies by individual factors—including cognitive decline, memory loss, emotional state, and social isolation—as well as the method of deception employed, with those carrying Alzheimer's risk gene variants showing particular vulnerability to phishing and fraud schemes. Financial exploitation, often perpetrated by family members, caregivers, or stran
wtov9.com
· 2025-12-08
The U.S. Attorneys' offices for West Virginia's Northern and Southern districts hosted a Bank Secrecy Act and Anti-Money Laundering Conference in Wheeling to educate banking officials, compliance officers, and other financial professionals on identifying and preventing money laundering, elder financial exploitation, and romance scams. The conference featured panels with FBI agents, IRS agents, and federal prosecutors discussing strategies to better protect older West Virginians, with particular focus on the challenge of preventing victims from sending additional money to their exploiters. Officials noted an uptick in elder financial exploitation cases across the region and committed to improving protective measures.
yahoo.com
· 2025-12-08
A 91-year-old Rockland woman became a victim of credit card fraud when over $3,000 in fraudulent charges from Texas energy companies appeared on her statement in late 2022, shortly after she vacationed in Florida. Her daughter spent more than a year attempting to dispute the charges with Citibank, but the case was closed due to insufficient information, highlighting challenges elderly fraud victims face in resolving disputes. The incident reflects a broader trend in Massachusetts, where residents over 60 lost over $70 million to fraud in 2022, with seniors being significantly more vulnerable to online scams, investment fraud, and imposter schemes.
theintelligencer.net
· 2025-12-08
The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of West Virginia hosted a financial crimes conference in Wheeling to educate bank officials, credit union staff, and other financial professionals on identifying and preventing fraud targeting vulnerable populations. The conference covered multiple fraud types affecting West Virginians, including elder financial abuse (subdivided into "elder thefts" by known individuals and "elder scams" by strangers), romance scams, and money laundering, with federal law enforcement and prosecutors sharing current trends and investigation insights. The training emphasized helping financial professionals recognize suspicious activity, properly file reports, and understand why victims—particularly elderly and trusting West Virginians—often resist warnings about ongoing scams.
justice.gov
· 2025-12-08
Attorney General Merrick Garland addressed the Elder Justice Coordinating Council at the Department of Justice, highlighting the agency's commitment to combating elder abuse and fraud. Over the last five years, the Justice Department has pursued more than 1,500 criminal and civil cases targeting older adults, provided services to over 1.5 million elder victims, and recovered hundreds of millions of dollars in restitution. Garland emphasized the critical role of interagency coordination and partnerships in addressing evolving threats to elders, including emerging challenges from artificial intelligence and transnational fraud schemes.
wcbcradio.com
· 2025-12-08
During Maryland's "Protect Week" in June 2024, state officials highlighted that one in five seniors over 65 have been victims of fraud, with the elderly losing nearly $3 billion annually to identity theft and scams perpetrated by both external criminals and family members. Maryland Attorney General Anthony Brown emphasized his office's commitment to combating elder fraud and abuse through enforcement efforts.
katc.com
· 2025-12-08
The Internal Revenue Service issued a warning about rising impersonation scams targeting seniors nationwide, particularly in Louisiana, where fraudsters pose as government officials to steal personal information and money through phone calls, emails, and text messages. Scammers use advanced tactics including spoofed caller IDs, fabricated debt claims, and pressure for immediate payment via gift cards or wire transfers to exploit victims. The IRS recommends hanging up on unexpected calls about tax issues and verifying legitimacy by calling official IRS customer service at 800-829-1040.
newarkadvocate.com
· 2025-12-08
Fraud cases are rising significantly across Ohio, with the Ashland Police Department reporting a 62% increase in fraud and forgery cases, while the FBI documented a 14% increase in fraud allegations against older adults in 2023, resulting in average losses of $33,915 per victim and over $3.4 billion in total losses. Scammers target all demographics—including business professionals and online daters—using tactics such as requesting gift card payments, threatening account hacks, and romance manipulation. Police recommend avoiding unsolicited money transfers to unknown individuals, using buyer-protected payment services, recognizing deals that seem too good to be true, and contacting local police if feeling uneasy
justice.gov
· 2025-12-08
At a June 2023 Elder Justice Coordinating Council meeting, 17 federal agencies reported significant progress in combating elder abuse over the past decade, with the Department of Justice pursuing over 1,500 criminal and civil cases targeting older adults, providing services to 1.5 million elder victims, and recovering hundreds of millions of dollars for fraud victims. Research indicates that at least one in 10 community-dwelling older adults experiences maltreatment annually, though cases are vastly underreported, with victims facing increased risks of depression, hospitalization, and premature death. The EJCC, established by the 2010 Elder Justice Act and now comprising 17 federal agencies,
irs.gov
· 2025-12-08
The Internal Revenue Service issued a warning on June 12, 2024, about rising impersonation scams targeting seniors who are deceived by fraudsters posing as IRS or other government agency representatives. Scammers use manipulated caller IDs, fabricated urgent scenarios, and pressure victims to make immediate payments via gift cards, wire transfers, or cryptocurrency to steal personal information and money. The IRS recommends that anyone receiving unsolicited calls from alleged IRS representatives should hang up immediately and verify legitimacy by calling the official IRS customer service line at 800-829-1040.
ajc.com
· 2025-12-08
The article discusses the upcoming film "Thelma," which dramatizes elder fraud through a story in which two elderly characters seek revenge against a scammer who defrauded the main character of $10,000 through a grandchild impersonation scheme. The film was inspired by writer/director Josh Margolin's real-life experience when his grandmother nearly fell victim to a similar scam but avoided losing money by contacting family members first. The piece highlights how elder fraud schemes have become increasingly sophisticated and prevalent, with FBI complaints rising 14% in 2023, and emphasizes the importance of family engagement in protecting vulnerable older adults from these crimes.
finance.yahoo.com
· 2025-12-08
Gary and Cindy Wilbur fell victim to two separate elder fraud scams: a utility company impersonation call attempting to extract credit card information, and a fake Amazon customer service scam accessed through a fraudulent Google search result that resulted in unauthorized bank withdrawals. After reporting these incidents to their bank, attorney general, and credit bureaus, the family adopted an open dialogue about finances and regularly communicate about emerging scams, helping them avoid future victimization.
indianweekender.co.nz
· 2025-12-08
New Zealand Police warned of a resurgence in phone scams where fraudsters impersonate officers, targeting landlines and claiming to investigate counterfeit banknotes or cloned credit cards to pressure victims into withdrawing cash or revealing banking details. At least two elderly individuals in Auckland lost significant sums after withdrawing cash and handing it to individuals posing as police at their doors. Police advise hanging up suspicious calls, contacting 105 to verify legitimacy, and remembering that legitimate police never request bank details, passwords, or money over the phone.
k99.com
· 2025-12-08
A Colorado woman who co-owned a jewelry store was defrauded of over $700,000 over two years after meeting a man on Instagram who posed as a legitimate gold jewelry seller; she discovered the items she purchased were cheap silver worth approximately $4 each made to look like gold. After traveling to India to confront the scammers, she contacted authorities, and while one man involved in creating fraudulent authenticity documents was arrested, the father-and-son perpetrators remained at large as of June 2024.
picketfencemedia.com
· 2025-12-08
Online dating romance scams targeting seniors have increased dramatically over the past five years, with vulnerable and lonely older adults losing significant sums, sometimes their entire life savings, to scammers posing as potential romantic partners. The article details a case of a 75-year-old man who lost his life's savings to a scammer claiming to be a 37-year-old woman who contacted him via LinkedIn and later WhatsApp, using red flags such as a large age gap, refusal to meet in person, and requests for financial investments. The author advises seniors to approach online dating cautiously by being aware of warning signs, trusting their instincts, and insisting on in-person meetings before