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in Scam Awareness
michigan.gov
· 2025-12-08
Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel issued a consumer alert regarding a widespread Venmo scam in which fraudsters "accidentally" send stolen funds to users and then request the money be returned, ultimately causing financial loss when the fraudulent charges are reversed. The alert advises consumers never to return such transfers and to contact the payment service instead, and outlines additional P2P payment scams including impersonation of banks, phishing for personal information, fake business payment requests, and stolen credit card schemes. Victims can file complaints with the Federal Trade Commission or Michigan's Attorney General office.
insurancenewsnet.com
· 2025-12-08
Medicare Fraud Prevention Week educates beneficiaries, caregivers, families, healthcare providers, and community members on protecting themselves and others from Medicare fraud, which costs the program an estimated amount annually. Key prevention strategies include monitoring Medicare statements for unauthorized services, safeguarding Medicare numbers, reviewing medical equipment shipments, and reporting suspicious activity to the Senior Medicare Patrol (SMP), which provides free resources and educational services to detect and report fraud, errors, and abuse. Individuals can contact the SMP at 1-800-963-5337 for questions and assistance with potential Medicare fraud concerns.
witl.com
· 2025-12-08
Scammers in Michigan are using Venmo and other peer-to-peer payment apps to defraud users by "accidentally" sending stolen money and then requesting it back; when Venmo's fraud detection catches the transaction, the recipient's account is charged back, leaving them liable for the loss. Michigan's Attorney General Dana Nessel advises recipients not to return such funds but instead contact Venmo support directly, and warns residents to avoid other P2P scams including fake fraud department calls and fraudulent bank alerts requesting personal information like Social Security numbers.
justice.gov
· 2025-12-08
Former Epsilon Data Management executives Robert Reger and David Lytle were convicted of conspiracy and mail/wire fraud for knowingly selling targeted consumer data lists to perpetrators of mass-mailing fraud schemes over a 10-year period. The defendants used Epsilon's algorithms to identify millions of consumers most vulnerable to fraud, including elderly people, and sold approximately 100 lists to fraudster clients who sent deceptive letters falsely promising cash prizes and wealth. The case demonstrates corporate accountability for facilitating consumer fraud through the misuse of personal data and targeting vulnerable populations.
washingtonexaminer.com
· 2025-12-08
Pennsylvania's aging population faces growing elder fraud risk, prompting Rep. Joe Hogan to introduce House Bill 2064, which would allow banks to flag suspicious transactions, delay potentially fraudulent payments, and share information with law enforcement and area agencies on aging. The National Council on Aging reported nearly 90,000 fraud complaints in 2022 totaling over $3 billion in losses nationally, with common scams including government impersonation, grandparent schemes, and romantic fraud targeting vulnerable seniors. The legislation aims to protect elders through financial institution safeguards, public education, and coordination between banks and protective services.
independentri.com
· 2025-12-08
Narragansett, Rhode Island police warned residents about increasing social media scams, including impersonation, extortion, identity theft, romance schemes, and sweepstakes fraud. Detective James Wass reported that while the number of reported cases fluctuated between 10-18 annually from 2020-2023, losses peaked in 2021 at $614,466 before declining, suggesting scammers may be targeting smaller payouts. The department advised residents to be skeptical of unsolicited sweepstakes and to resist pressure to act quickly.
finance.yahoo.com
· 2025-12-08
An AARP report found that 141.5 million U.S. adults (42%) have been victims of fraud, with those buying or selling homes facing elevated risk from cyber-thieves using peer-to-peer payment platforms, fake social media ads, and high-pressure tactics. Key protective measures include avoiding peer-to-peer payments with unknown vendors, using credit cards for online transactions, verifying service providers through official websites rather than unsolicited contacts, and confirming wire transfer instructions directly with legitimate lenders before sending funds.
tristatealert.com
· 2025-12-08
Maryland Attorney General Anthony G. Brown warned consumers about the rising threat of imposter scams that use sophisticated technologies, including AI-generated voices, to impersonate trusted figures such as government officials, bank representatives, law enforcement, and family members in order to steal money or personal information. Common scam types include government imposters threatening fines or arrest, family/friend imposters claiming emergencies, and tech support scams demanding payment for unnecessary repairs. To protect yourself, verify callers' identities by contacting organizations directly using official numbers, establish code words with family members, avoid sharing personal information, and report suspected scams to the Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division, FTC, or AARP Fraud Watch
states.aarp.org
· 2025-12-08
Medicare is a frequent target for criminal scammers, with the Senior Medicare Patrol reporting three prevalent scams in 2024: false billing for diabetes treatments and devices that were never received, offers of free products that are either never delivered or of poor quality, and fraudulent free genetic testing at health fairs used to obtain Medicare numbers. To protect themselves, beneficiaries should carefully review their monthly Medicare statements for unauthorized charges, never share their Medicare number with anyone except healthcare providers, and report suspected fraud to local law enforcement or the AARP Fraud Watch Network.
whmi.com
· 2025-12-08
Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel warned consumers about a widespread Venmo scam where fraudsters "accidentally" send money to users and then request repayment, exploiting stolen funds that are later reversed. The AG advised consumers never to return such funds and instead report the error to Venmo, as refunding money linked to fraudulent charges results in the innocent user bearing the financial loss. The alert also detailed other P2P payment app scams including impersonation of banks and merchants, and recommended consumers never share personal information and treat P2P payments like cash.
wbay.com
· 2025-12-08
In 2023, scammers impersonated well-known companies in fraud schemes that cost consumers over $600 million, with Best Buy/Geek Squad being the most frequently impersonated company (52,000 reports, $15 million in losses) and Microsoft impersonation scams causing the largest financial impact ($60 million lost). The Federal Trade Commission finalized a new rule in April 2024 that strengthens enforcement tools against business impersonation scams, including the ability to file federal court cases to recover money for victims and impose civil penalties on violators.
azcentral.com
· 2025-12-08
According to an FTC report, scammers most frequently impersonate Best Buy's Geek Squad (52,000 reports in 2023), followed by Amazon, PayPal, Microsoft, and Publishers Clearing House, using methods including fraudulent emails, phone calls, and social media to pressure victims into urgent action. Microsoft impersonators caused the highest financial losses, exemplified by a Mesa resident who lost nearly her entire life savings after being directed to a fake support line and tricked into depositing $25,000 in Bitcoin. Consumers can protect themselves by recognizing red flags such as demands for cryptocurrency payments, pressure to act immediately, and unsolicited contact, and should verify company ident
katytimes.com
· 2025-12-08
Members Choice Credit Union released awareness tips for Older Americans Month highlighting common scams targeting seniors, including grandparent scams, intimidation scams impersonating authorities, text message scams, freebie scams, and romance scams. The organization provided prevention strategies for each scam type and recommended that family members monitor elderly relatives' financial activity, set up fraud alerts, encourage password changes, and utilize resources like AARP's elder fraud guidelines.
abnnewswire.net
· 2025-12-08
Refundaroo, a financial recovery organization founded in 2020, helps scam victims worldwide retrieve stolen funds using a team of lawyers, forensic accountants, and ex-military personnel. The company has recovered over $5 million in 2023 alone and reports that Australian scam losses reached $2.74 billion in 2023, with investment scams causing the most harm at $1.3 billion. Refundaroo offers an online case-tracking portal and maintains a database to help individuals verify company legitimacy and avoid fraudulent schemes.
businessinsider.com
· 2025-12-08
Mastercard developed an AI fraud-detection system in partnership with UK banks (Lloyds, NatWest, TSB) to identify authorized-push-payment fraud, where scammers impersonate trusted figures to convince victims to transfer money. The AI system analyzes transaction patterns, account relationships, and suspicious behaviors in real-time to alert banks before fraud occurs, with results suggesting it could prevent an estimated £100 million ($126 million) in fraud losses across the UK banking sector if scaled broadly.
murrayledger.com
· 2025-12-08
In 2023, Americans older than 60 reported over $3.4 billion in fraud losses across more than 100,000 complaints to the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center, with losses increasing 11% from 2022. The most common scams targeting seniors include tech support and call center fraud ($1.3 billion in losses), phony investment schemes ($1.2 billion), and fake romance scams, with the particularly devastating "Phantom Hacker" scam draining victims of their life savings through multiple fraudulent personas. In Kentucky specifically, seniors reported $12.8 million in losses across 908 complaints, and the FBI notes that some victims have rem
local.aarp.org
· 2025-12-08
Three trending Medicare scams in 2024 include false billing for diabetes treatment and devices not received, fraudulent offers of free products that are cheap or never delivered, and fake genetic testing schemes at health fairs designed to steal Medicare numbers. Seniors are advised to scrutinize monthly Medicare statements, never share their Medicare number with unsolicited offers, and report suspected fraud to local law enforcement or the AARP Fraud Watch Network.
macombgov.org
· 2025-12-08
The Macomb County Prosecutor's Office and Chase Bank are co-hosting two free educational presentations on June 18, 2024, to help seniors recognize and avoid scams. Prosecutor Peter J. Lucido will distribute an informational booklet covering common scams targeting seniors including identity theft, telemarketing fraud, internet fraud, home improvement fraud, and caregiver fraud, with discussions on recent financial scams and protective measures. The events are open to all Macomb County residents at two college campuses with no reservations required.
thereporter.com
· 2025-12-08
Nearly 750 senior citizens in Solano County reported financial abuse in the previous year, prompting Solano Public Health's Older and Disabled Adult Services to launch the Solano Senior Fraud Prevention Center website. The center provides prevention resources, educational materials on five key anti-scam strategies, and a reporting mechanism for fraud cases, while addressing three major fraud categories affecting the county: phone/mail fraud, internet/email/texting fraud, and family/caregiver fraud. Nationally, seniors lose over $3 billion annually to fraud, averaging $35,101 per victim.
katytimes.com
· 2025-12-08
Members Choice Credit Union released awareness tips during Older Americans Month highlighting common scams targeting seniors, including grandparent scams, intimidation scams impersonating authorities, text message phishing, freebie schemes, and romance scams. The credit union recommends protective measures such as establishing family emergency passwords, verifying caller identities through separate communication channels, monitoring financial accounts for unusual activity, and utilizing resources like AARP's elder fraud guidelines.
nationalseniors.com.au
· 2025-12-08
Criminals are targeting Australian Age Pension recipients with social media messages and online advertisements promising non-existent "bonus" payments of up to $1,800 from Centrelink, directing victims to fake websites designed to steal personal information. Services Australia warns seniors to only use official government websites and highlights multiple active scams affecting older Australians, including MyGov impersonation, Medicare fraud, fake disaster relief, COVID-19 schemes, and deepfake investment scams that have caused significant financial losses. The Australian government has allocated $67.5 million over four years to combat scamming, but individuals must remain vigilant about unsolicited messages and suspicious links.
news-journalonline.com
· 2025-12-08
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signed SB 556 into law, which allows financial institutions to delay suspicious transactions from seniors aged 65+ or vulnerable adults for up to 15 business days (extendable to 30 days) while investigating potential fraud. The bill addresses the rising threat of scams targeting elderly Floridians, who lost nearly $294 million to fraud in 2023, with seniors nationwide losing over $3.4 billion that same year to schemes including fake calls, investment fraud, and romance scams. The law takes effect January 1, 2025, and requires banks to notify trusted contacts and develop employee training programs to identify and prevent financial exploitation.
ad-hoc-news.de
· 2025-12-08
Globe Telecom in the Philippines implemented Mavenir's SpamShield messaging fraud prevention technology, which achieved a 67% year-on-year reduction in blocked spam and scam SMS messages (from 1.1 billion in Q1 2023 to 362.8 million in Q1 2024) and a 74% decline in bank-related scam messages. Customer-reported scam SMS incidents also fell 44% during the same period, demonstrating the technology's effectiveness in deterring fraudsters by raising technical barriers and reducing profit incentives for scammers.
powerretail.com.au
· 2025-12-08
Delivery package scams are the most prevalent fraud affecting Australians, with 73% of survey respondents reporting receipt of fake delivery messages and over 25% falling victim to losses, including some exceeding $20,000. Over 80% of Australians receive between one to ten scam texts and calls weekly, with more than half initially believing fraudulent messages were legitimate before detecting the deception. Australia Post warns that scams are becoming increasingly sophisticated and urges the public to verify communications, emphasizing that Australia Post never requests personal information, financial details, or payments via unsolicited contact.
cbsaustin.com
· 2025-12-08
The City of Sunset Valley lost $12,000 in a phishing scam in March 2023 when someone impersonated a festival event planner and requested payment via a spoofed email. The fraudster, later identified as 66-year-old Cynthia Louis Dickinson, had compromised the vendor's email account and used prior communication history to make the request appear legitimate; Dickinson then transferred the funds from a coaching service account to her personal account.
cbc.ca
· 2025-12-08
A Winnipeg man lost hundreds of dollars in a scam after Meta AI incorrectly verified a fake Facebook customer support phone number (1-844-457-0520) as legitimate. When he called the number to troubleshoot transferring his Facebook account to a new phone, the scammer gained access to his account and convinced him his IP address was hacked, then used remote access to his phone to fraudulently purchase a $500 Apple gift card via his PayPal account. The victim's wife recognized the scam and he was able to cancel his cards and reverse the charge, but the incident highlights the dangers of relying on AI verification tools for sensitive account support numbers.
977wmoi.com
· 2025-12-08
Josh Kramer, an investigator with the Monmouth Police Department, provides guidance for victims of common scams including cash prize, grandparent, social media, and imposter fraud. He advises victims to immediately contact their bank to report the incident and allow financial institutions to monitor for fraudulent use of personal information, while also emphasizing the importance of keeping device software updated to protect against scam-related security vulnerabilities.
smh.com.au
· 2025-12-08
A Melbourne couple lost approximately $300,000 to a sophisticated investment scam involving fraudulent HSBC representatives in March, recovering only $100,000 months later. The article explores the psychological aftermath of scams, highlighting that victims often experience prolonged shame, guilt, and self-blame despite being targets of crime, with societal attitudes and bank responses frequently exacerbating these emotional impacts. The piece emphasizes that scams cause lasting psychological trauma beyond financial loss and that victim-blaming culture discourages people from speaking about their experiences.
states.aarp.org
· 2025-12-08
This educational piece highlights World Elder Abuse Awareness Day (June 15), which aims to raise global awareness about physical, emotional, and financial exploitation of older adults. AARP and Florida organizations are hosting multiple virtual and in-person events throughout June to educate seniors and caregivers on fraud prevention, scam recognition, and elder protection resources, with information available on the Florida Fraud Resource Page.
sungazette.com
· 2025-12-08
Pennsylvania lawmakers are advancing House Bill 2064, which would allow banks to flag suspicious transactions, delay potentially fraudulent transfers, and share information with law enforcement and aging agencies to combat elder financial abuse. The legislation addresses a growing national problem—the National Council on Aging reported nearly 90,000 fraud complaints in 2022 totaling over $3 billion in losses, with common scams including grandparent fraud, romance scams, and government impersonation schemes. The bill aims to protect the state's aging population by giving financial institutions liability protections when they voluntarily report suspected exploitation and providing guardrails against high-pressure scams.
local.aarp.org
· 2025-12-08
I'm unable to provide a summary of this content. The text provided appears to be a navigation or event listing page from AARP's Hearing Center website, containing only dates, locations, and event times without any article content about scams, fraud, or elder abuse.
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chroniclelive.co.uk
· 2025-12-08
This educational article outlines eight common WhatsApp scams and prevention strategies. The scams include impersonation schemes (where fraudsters pose as family members or romantic interests), verification code theft, cryptocurrency and investment fraud, and malware distribution, with each targeting different types of personal information or money from victims. The key advice emphasizes verifying sender identity through independent channels, never sharing sensitive codes or personal data, researching investment opportunities thoroughly, and reporting suspicious activity to WhatsApp and authorities.
berkshireeagle.com
· 2025-12-08
Fraud reports exceeded $10 billion in the United States last year, representing a 14% increase from the previous year, with scammers increasingly using sophisticated tactics including phishing, fake urgency, and AI-enhanced schemes. Key prevention strategies include never sharing personal information or online banking credentials with anyone claiming to be from a financial institution or government agency, avoiding unknown callers, and immediately contacting your bank using numbers from official statements rather than online searches if fraud is suspected. A local couple nearly lost $46,000 in a Microsoft impersonation scam but was protected when a bank manager intervened, highlighting the importance of quick action and institutional fraud prevention measures.
kauainownews.com
· 2025-12-08
**Medicare Fraud Prevention Week Educational Piece**
Senior Medicare Patrol Hawai'i is promoting Medicare fraud awareness during June 3-9, highlighting that Medicare loses an estimated $60 billion annually to false claims. The organization recommends beneficiaries use a free "My Health Care Tracker" booklet to log health services and cross-check against billing statements, monitor for unauthorized use of their Medicare number, and never share their Medicare number with unsolicited callers—while caregivers, families, and community members should watch for suspicious medical equipment deliveries and encourage loved ones to protect their Medicare information as they would a credit card number.
spectrumlocalnews.com
· 2025-12-08
Senior Medicare Patrol Hawaii is hosting Medicare Fraud Prevention Week (June 3-9) to educate the public about Medicare fraud schemes, offering a free webinar on June 8 and providing resources like the "My Health Care Tracker" booklet to help seniors detect fraudulent claims. Medicare loses approximately $60 billion annually to false claims, and the program teaches seniors and their caregivers how to prevent, detect, and report fraud by monitoring billing statements, protecting their Medicare numbers, and reporting suspected identity theft.
states.aarp.org
· 2025-12-08
Connecticut Attorney General William Tong reports that Connecticut consumers lost over $70 million to fraud in 2023, with older Americans particularly targeted not because of generational differences but because they have accumulated savings and steady income sources like Social Security. Tong emphasizes that fraud affects everyone regardless of education or profession, and highlights romance scams as the largest threat to people over 60, where criminals use social media research to build fake relationships before requesting money for emergencies. His office partners with AARP and fellow state attorneys general to combat fraud through public awareness campaigns, though scammers continuously develop new schemes faster than they can be stopped.
mdjonline.com
· 2025-12-08
Georgia ranks among the top ten states targeted by organized scam operators who extract millions of dollars annually from senior citizens through romance scams, jury duty scams, grandparent scams, and identity theft. As law enforcement catches up to scammers' money laundering methods—which have evolved from cash deposits to gift cards to cryptocurrency ATMs—sophisticated criminals continue adapting by using new untraceable methods like gold bullion to hide stolen funds and avoid detection.
fox13news.com
· 2025-12-08
Florida enacted a new law allowing banks to delay large withdrawals for up to 15 days if employees suspect seniors or vulnerable adults are being financially exploited, with legal immunity for good-faith delays. Florida seniors lost $294 million to scams in 2023 through various methods including social media, phone calls, and door-to-door fraud, though only 20% of cases are reported. The law, effective January 2024, requires banks to notify account holders and "trusted contacts" and contact law enforcement during the delay period to investigate potential fraud.
mynation.com
· 2025-12-08
A Noida businessman lost ₹9.09 crore over one month after joining a WhatsApp group promising stock market profits, only to have his trading account closed after he invested the full amount. Police froze ₹1.62 crore of the fraudulent funds and initiated investigations into multiple bank accounts across India involved in the scheme. Authorities urge the public to remain vigilant against online trading scams and report suspicious activities to cyber crime units.
straitstimes.com
· 2025-12-08
Between January and May, at least 2,000 victims in Singapore lost approximately $1 million to concert ticket scams, with the majority involving counterfeit tickets to Taylor Swift's Eras Tour and shows by other artists including Bruno Mars and Ed Sheeran. Victims typically purchased fake tickets from online resellers and discovered the fraud only when denied entry to venues with invalid tickets. Police collaborated with social media and e-commerce platforms to remove scam advertisements and accounts, and at least two individuals were charged or convicted for defrauding victims of concert tickets during this period.
dailyforex.com
· 2025-12-08
Telegram has become a popular platform for Forex scammers to target traders by impersonating legitimate traders or brokers and convincing victims to deposit funds with fake platforms or wallets under their control. Common scam types include copycat channels, phishing schemes, pump-and-dump schemes, romance scams, fake broker impersonation, and fake education programs, with scammers typically using fake account screenshots, grammatical errors, and time-pressure tactics to manipulate victims. Traders can protect themselves by verifying legitimacy through official channels, avoiding unsolicited contacts, never sharing personal details, and being cautious of pressure tactics and guaranteed returns.
the-review.com
· 2025-12-08
Scammers are targeting travelers by creating fake airline websites and customer service numbers to charge for non-existent flights or fabricated cancellations. The BBB Scam Tracker has received multiple reports where victims either paid for tickets on fraudulent sites that were never delivered, or received fake cancellation notices and paid extra fees to "rebook" flights that were never actually canceled. To protect yourself, verify website URLs and phone numbers directly with the airline, research companies on BBB.org before booking, and use credit cards for disputes protection.
theage.com.au
· 2025-12-08
This opinion piece provides guidance for victims of scams on steps to take after falling victim to fraud. The article outlines three key actions: immediately report the scam to your bank and contact IDCARE (1800 595 160) to limit recovery losses; remain vigilant against follow-up scams targeting victims with stolen personal information; and develop a financial recovery plan through budgeting adjustments, investment strategy changes, or seeking professional financial advice. The piece emphasizes that scam victims often experience profound emotional and psychological impacts, with one in three victims being scammed multiple times.
yahoo.com
· 2025-12-08
California Attorney General Rob Bonta issued a consumer alert warning residents of AI-powered scams that impersonate government officials and family members, particularly targeting parents and grandparents with deepfake voice calls claiming a child needs help. The FBI reported grandparent scams alone resulted in nearly $2 million in losses last year, with imposter scams being the most commonly reported fraud type in 2023. Bonta's office provided prevention tips including using family code words, limiting personal audio/video on social media, checking privacy settings, letting unknown calls go to voicemail, and using call-blocking technology.
cbs12.com
· 2025-12-08
Port St. Lucie Police reported a surge in phone and text scams where perpetrators demanded money from residents while making violent threats, using personal information gleaned from social media and government websites along with intimidating images to coerce payment. Some scammers falsely claimed cartel affiliations, though recent victims in the area successfully identified the scams and avoided losing money. Police advise residents to remain vigilant and resist fear-based pressure tactics.
nbcmiami.com
· 2025-12-08
Travel scams increase during busy vacation seasons, and consumers can protect themselves by researching typical pricing for their destination, booking directly through official platforms rather than external communications, and avoiding wire transfers, gift cards, or cryptocurrency payments that pressure quick decisions. Additional red flags include imposter scams where fraudsters impersonate airline or hotel staff to steal personal information, making it especially important to verify you're on legitimate websites when booking on mobile devices. Suspected travel scams should be reported to the Federal Trade Commission.
thestar.com.my
· 2025-12-08
**Summary:**
Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong warned Singaporeans about a deepfake video in which his likeness and voice were used to promote an investment product with guaranteed returns. The scammers used AI technology to synchronize his mouth movements with fabricated audio layered over actual footage from his 2023 National Day message, demonstrating the sophistication of deepfake fraud. SM Lee advised the public to be cautious of investment scams involving public figures and to report suspected scams using the Government's ScamShield Bot.
biometricupdate.com
· 2025-12-08
First-party fraud—using one's own identity to commit dishonest acts like requesting false refunds or disputing legitimate transactions—costs U.S. financial institutions and merchants over $100 billion annually, with over one-third of Americans admitting to engaging in this behavior. The fraud is difficult to detect because it lacks obvious signals and appears less malicious than other fraud types, making it particularly prevalent in online gaming, Buy Now Pay Later services, and marketplace lending. Socure recommends cross-industry data sharing and analytics tools to combat the problem, noting that consumers with multiple closed accounts linked to first-party fraud are 189 times more likely to reoffend.
straitstimes.com
· 2025-12-08
Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong warned the public in June that a deepfake video circulating on social media falsely depicted him promoting an investment product offering guaranteed returns. The scammers used AI technology to synchronize his mouth movements with fabricated audio layered over actual footage of his 2023 National Day address, demonstrating the increasing sophistication of deepfake scams. SM Lee urged Singaporeans to remain vigilant, remember that legitimate offers do not come from public officials promoting investments, and report suspected scam advertisements through the government's ScamShield Bot.
therogersvillereview.com
· 2025-12-08
Housing scams specifically target seniors through fraudulent rental listings, phantom rentals, fake property management schemes, and reverse mortgage fraud that exploits homeowners over 62 seeking income from home equity. Key protective measures include verifying property listings through reputable websites, physically visiting properties before payment, researching property management company credentials, using traceable payment methods, and seeking independent financial advice before committing to any housing arrangement. Red flags include unusually low rental prices, demands for upfront payment before lease signing, pressure tactics, and reluctance to provide verifiable credentials or detailed agreements.