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in Grandparent Scams
valleynewslive.com
· 2025-12-20
An 80-year-old North Dakota woman lost $8,500 to a "grandparent scam" where callers impersonated her granddaughter and a fake attorney, demanding bail money be sent by mail, but authorities in New York intercepted the package and recovered the funds. The scam typically preys on seniors through tactics like creating urgency, demanding secrecy, and pressuring victims to send cash or gift cards by mail. To protect yourself, verify the identity of callers through official channels, be suspicious of requests for secrecy or immediate payment, and contact your bank or police directly if you suspect a scam.
telus.com
· 2025-12-20
Scammers are increasingly using AI technology to clone people's voices from social media videos and YouTube, then impersonating loved ones in fraudulent calls to extract money. According to recent research, about one-third of people in North America and Europe encountered deepfake voice scams in 2024, with victims losing an average of $1,479 in Canada and over $6,000 in the U.S. To protect yourself, be cautious about sharing videos online, verify unexpected requests for money by calling the person directly using a known number, and alert your bank if someone pressures you to withdraw cash for an "emergency."
ciso.economictimes.indiatimes.com
· 2025-12-20
Scammers in India are increasingly exploiting Telegram's encrypted channels to run fake investment schemes, lottery scams, and job offer frauds, resulting in over ₹1,100 crore in losses during the first half of 2025. The fraudsters use pressure tactics, deepfake videos, and "pig butchering" schemes to build trust before stealing money through fake trading apps and QR code redirects. Users should be wary of unsolicited investment opportunities on Telegram, avoid scanning unfamiliar QR codes or downloading apps from private chats, and remember that private channels offer no guarantee of safety.
finance.yahoo.com
· 2025-12-19
An 86-year-old New York woman lost her entire $700,000 life savings to a scam that began with fake pop-up warnings claiming her bank accounts were hacked, then manipulated her into making unusual large withdrawals disguised as "safekeeping" measures, ultimately convincing her to convert her savings into gold bullion. Despite red flags—including withdrawals far exceeding her typical $5,000 limit and a co-trustee added for oversight—Bank of America and Merrill Lynch failed to block the fraudulent transactions, leading to a lawsuit seeking accountability and policy changes. To protect yourself, be skeptical of urgent warnings on your computer, verify any account security concerns directly with your bank through official channels, and allow trusted family members oversight of your finances.
nbclosangeles.com
· 2025-12-19
Scammers in Orange County have been targeting pet owners by posing as law enforcement and calling to claim their missing pet was hit by a car and needs veterinary payment before release. The criminals request payment through digital apps like Zelle or Venmo, sometimes claiming a nonprofit will cover part of the costs. To protect yourself, don't answer calls from unknown numbers, never send money without verifying the caller's identity through your local animal services or sheriff's office, and remember that legitimate agencies won't demand immediate payment via digital payment apps.
ca.news.yahoo.com
· 2025-12-18
An Ottawa senior nearly lost $6,000 in a "grandparent scam" on Tuesday, but quick action by family members and police prevented the theft. Scammers called claiming the victim's grandson was in a car accident and needed bail money, with a man later arriving at the home to collect the cash before being arrested. Police warn that these emotional manipulation scams target seniors frequently and advise people to never trust caller ID, verify requests by calling family members directly at known numbers, and establish a family "safe word" to confirm identities during urgent calls.
savingadvice.com
· 2025-12-17
A sophisticated phone fraud wave is targeting older adults, particularly during winter when seniors spend more time indoors and rely heavily on phone communication. Scammers are using spoofed local phone numbers and impersonating government agencies (Medicare, IRS, Social Security) or medical providers to manipulate seniors into sharing personal information or sending money through high-pressure tactics. Experts advise older adults to remain skeptical of unexpected calls, verify caller identity independently by hanging up and calling official numbers directly, and never provide personal or financial information over the phone.
ottawa.citynews.ca
· 2025-12-17
An Ottawa grandfather nearly lost $6,000 to a sophisticated scam in which a caller impersonated a lawyer, claimed his grandson was in a car accident, and demanded bail money—but his family's quick action and police intervention stopped the crime before money was handed over. The scammer used emotional manipulation tactics, insisting secrecy and mentioning a pregnant woman involved in the collision, then sent an accomplice to the home posing as a court-appointed trustee to collect the cash. Police and family officials warn seniors to verify emergency claims by calling family members directly and never to send money based on unsolicited calls, especially when the caller demands secrecy.
zdnet.com
· 2025-12-17
# Holiday Scams Summary
The US Treasury warns that cybercriminals are increasingly exploiting the holiday season through three main scams: business impersonation (fake emails and websites spoofing trusted companies), gift card draining, and fraudulent social media ads promoting discounted products that are never delivered. These scams are becoming more sophisticated as criminals use AI to impersonate trusted brands and companies, making them harder to detect. To protect yourself, verify websites directly before entering payment information, be skeptical of unusually low prices, avoid clicking links in unsolicited emails, and purchase gift cards only from authorized retailers.
fdic.gov
· 2025-12-16
During the busy holiday shopping season, identity theft and scams increase significantly, making December's National Identity Theft Prevention and Awareness Month an important reminder for consumers to protect themselves. The FDIC offers free Money Smart educational resources that teach people how to recognize phishing attempts, protect personal financial information, and take action if they become victims—including steps like reviewing credit reports and freezing credit, with specialized guidance available for older adults who are frequently targeted by scams. Consumers can access these tools at FDIC.gov/MoneySmart, while educators and community groups can use the materials to conduct local workshops and help people stay vigilant throughout the year.
ricochet.com
· 2025-12-16
Elderly individuals, particularly those experiencing cognitive decline, face significant vulnerability to scams and fraud—especially involving technology and phone calls. The author shares personal experience with his aging mother-in-law who nearly fell victim to a scam demanding $5,000 in cash, illustrating how seniors often lack skepticism toward exploiters despite warnings from family members. To protect elderly relatives, families should monitor financial activities closely, help set up call-blocking systems, and establish verification protocols (like always asking seniors to hang up and call you back) before any urgent money transfers are made.
mirror.co.uk
· 2025-12-15
An 84-year-old grandmother fell victim to a travel scam in 2024 when fraudsters called her while she was searching for flights, offering discounted business-class tickets to Australia and Sri Lanka, which she paid for in installments totaling £3,670 before the company disappeared. The scammers used sophisticated tactics including spoofing a fake ATOL license and offering payment plans—tactics legitimate airlines don't typically use—to appear credible. To protect yourself this holiday season, verify travel companies through official channels rather than trusting unsolicited calls, check ATOL licenses directly on the Civil Aviation Authority website, and remember that airlines and legitimate travel agents typically don't offer installment payment plans.
bitdefender.com
· 2025-12-14
During the holiday season, scammers target families—especially seniors—through fake shopping sites, delivery scams, charity fraud, and impersonation schemes, taking advantage of increased online shopping and emotional vulnerability. Grandparents are particularly at risk when searching for gifts or receiving urgent messages claiming a relative needs help. To protect your family, use free verification tools like Link Checker to verify suspicious URLs and Scamio to review questionable messages or charity requests before engaging with them.
postandcourier.com
· 2025-12-14
The Better Business Bureau warns consumers about multiple holiday scams targeting shoppers and generous donors, including fake websites, phishing emails with malware, fraudulent charity solicitations, and impersonation scams claiming family members need emergency money. Those affected include online shoppers, parents receiving fake Santa letters, job seekers, and anyone approached for charitable donations. To stay safe, use credit cards on secure websites (look for https and lock symbols), verify charity legitimacy at give.org before donating, confirm emergency requests with family members before sending money, and be skeptical of unsolicited emails and shipping notifications.
lilifepolitics.com
· 2025-12-14
A WalletHub study ranked New York 30th nationally in elder abuse prevention, with below-average funding for eldercare services and protections, though the state performed well in nursing home quality and volunteer ombudsman programs. New York has an estimated 300,000 senior victims annually, with a concerning statistic that only 1 in 24 elder abuse cases are actually reported. To protect seniors, families should watch for warning signs like unexplained injuries, poor hygiene, isolation, and malnutrition, and report suspected abuse to local authorities or adult protective services.
desitalkchicago.com
· 2025-12-13
lilifepolitics.com
· 2025-12-12
New York ranks 30th nationally in elder abuse protection and prevention funding, according to a WalletHub study, with particular weaknesses in spending on elder care services and ombudsman programs. The state has an estimated 300,000 senior victims annually, with the concerning reality that reported cases represent only about 4% of actual abuse incidents. Residents should watch for warning signs of elder abuse including unexplained injuries, poor hygiene, isolation from loved ones, and signs of malnutrition, and report suspected abuse to local authorities or adult protective services immediately.
wvnews.com
· 2025-12-11
During the holiday season, scammers increasingly target senior citizens through charity fraud, fake online shopping websites, and phone impersonation schemes, exploiting the elderly's trust and less familiarity with modern technology while people are distracted by festivities and shopping. West Virginia's Secretary of State warns that fraudsters use emotional appeals and urgency to manipulate victims into donating to fake charities or providing credit card information for nonexistent purchases. To protect yourself, verify charities using the official list at erls.wvsos.gov, be cautious of unsolicited donation requests, avoid clicking suspicious links, and never share payment information without independently confirming the legitimacy of the organization or seller.
derbyinformer.com
· 2025-12-11
Seniors in the U.S. lost over $2 billion to financial fraud schemes during a recent reporting period, affecting more than one million older adults, according to a federal report that prompted local officials in Sedgwick County to issue a public warning. The scams often use tactics like creating false urgency (claiming a grandchild is in jail), demanding secrecy, and requesting unusual payment methods like cryptocurrency or gift cards to prevent victims from verifying the situation. Residents are urged to stay vigilant, verify unexpected requests by contacting family members or banks directly, and report suspicious activity to authorities.
aol.com
· 2025-12-10
Seniors are increasingly targeted by scammers who exploit their savings, home ownership, and relative unfamiliarity with technology to commit fraud. Common scams include unsolicited calls selling unnecessary products like medical-alert devices, lottery/prize schemes requiring upfront fees, and fake mobile health clinics that bill insurance and Medicare using stolen personal information. To protect yourself, be skeptical of unsolicited calls and emails, never pay upfront fees for prizes you've won, verify any medical services through official channels, and report suspicious activity to the FTC.
kpbs.org
· 2025-12-10
Elder scams cost San Diego County seniors $149 million in a single year, with scammers becoming increasingly sophisticated and targeting vulnerable populations during the holiday season and year-round. The San Diego District Attorney's Office is working to raise awareness about common scams and encourage reporting by removing the stigma and shame that often prevents seniors from coming forward, emphasizing that anyone—regardless of education or intelligence—can fall victim to these crimes. To protect yourself, stay vigilant about unsolicited contacts, verify requests through official channels before sharing personal information or money, and report suspected scams to local authorities rather than suffering in silence.
audacy.com
· 2025-12-10
Criminals stole over $2 billion from more than 1 million seniors in a recent reporting period, prompting Sedgwick County officials to warn residents about sophisticated financial scams. Common tactics include creating urgency (like claiming a grandchild is in jail), demanding secrecy, and requesting payment through cryptocurrency, gift cards, or wire transfers. If you suspect fraud, contact local law enforcement or the National Elder Fraud Hotline at 1-833-FRAUD-11 immediately.
▶ VIDEO
NBC 6 South Florida
An elderly woman named Christine lost $6,000 in a grandparent scam after receiving a panicked call from someone claiming to be her granddaughter Addison asking for emergency money; authorities believe the caller used AI-generated voice technology to impersonate her granddaughter, who was actually safe at work. The grandparent scam is a widespread fraud affecting over 147,000 victims annually with losses totaling nearly $4.9 billion, and scammers are increasingly using readily available AI voice-cloning tools that require minimal audio samples to create convincing impersonations.
wnegradio.com
Georgia's Secretary of State reports that holiday scams remain widespread, with 1,140 cases of senior exploitation reported since the SPEAR Act took effect, including 81 victims in November 2025 alone. Common scams targeting holiday shoppers and donors include gift card fraud, impersonation scams posing as family members requesting money, fake online shopping sites that don't deliver goods, and document fraud. Consumers are urged to stay vigilant by verifying requests for money or gift cards through direct contact, shopping only on secure websites, and reporting suspected fraud to authorities.
cbsnews.com
An elderly woman in Hokkaido, Japan lost approximately 1 million yen ($6,700) to a romance scammer who posed as an astronaut in distress and claimed to need money for oxygen while stranded in space. The woman met the fraudster on social media in July and developed romantic feelings before being deceived into sending the funds. The case highlights the growing threat of romance scams targeting vulnerable populations, particularly elderly individuals in aging societies like Japan.
foxnews.com
Scammers are impersonating local law enforcement officials in a jury duty fraud scheme, calling victims with claims of missed jury duty and threatening arrest warrants to extort payment via wire transfers or gift cards. The scam targets vulnerable individuals by using personal information and blocked numbers to appear credible, though legitimate jury summonses are always delivered by mail. Key protections include never trusting unknown callers demanding payment, verifying claims directly with official court or police numbers, and recognizing that government agencies never request payment through gift cards or cryptocurrency.
inquisitr.com
A widespread scam targets Social Security recipients, particularly vulnerable seniors living alone and dependent on benefits for survival. Scammers impersonate Social Security Administration officials via phone calls, texts, or emails, falsely claiming account problems or requesting verification of information to obtain personal data (Social Security numbers, bank details) or money directly through gift cards, wire transfers, or cryptocurrency. The key warning signs include unsolicited contact, payment demands, pressure tactics, and suspicious links or misspellings; the legitimate SSA communicates only by postal mail and does not solicit sensitive information unsolicited.
escalontimes.com
This educational article reports that online scams caused a record $16.6 billion in losses in 2024, with 73% of U.S. adults experiencing some form of online scam or attack. The article outlines common scam tactics (unsolicited contact, promises of easy money, requests for personal information or upfront payments) and describes six prevalent scam types including counterfeit merchandise, charity fraud, cryptocurrency investment fraud, bogus debts, home repair scams, and emergency/grandparent scams that specifically target seniors. Awareness of these warning signs can help individuals avoid becoming victims.
theriverbanknews.com
This educational article reports that scams cost Americans $16.6 billion in 2024, with 73 percent of U.S. adults experiencing online scams or attacks. The piece outlines common red flags—unsolicited contact, promises of easy money, requests for personal information or upfront payments—and describes prominent scam types including counterfeit merchandise, charity fraud, cryptocurrency investment schemes, bogus debts, home repair scams, and emergency/grandparent scams that particularly target elderly individuals.
indianexpress.com
A 78-year-old man in Noida was defrauded of Rs 3.14 crore in a "digital arrest" scam where fraudsters impersonated government officials (TRAI, police, CBI, Supreme Court) and convinced him he was involved in money laundering, keeping him and his wife under virtual surveillance for 15 days before the deception was discovered. Cybercrimes against seniors have surged 86% between 2020-2022, with common scams including digital arrest, investment fraud, deepfakes, government impersonation, and OTP theft, exploiting seniors' vulnerability to trust-based and fear-based tactics.
thecentersquare.com
Arizona is projected to lose over $4 billion to financial fraud in 2024, with the state ranking 11th nationally in fraud rates at 1,459 cases per 100,000 residents, according to a Common Sense Institute report. Common fraud types affecting Arizonans include grandparent scams, romance scams, gift card scams, skimming, and forgery, with experts noting that only about 14% of fraud is reported to authorities. Researchers recommend that families help protect older adults—who are at higher risk due to lower technological familiarity—by teaching them to verify sources before sharing financial information online.
nbcmiami.com
An 86-year-old grandmother from South Philadelphia lost $6,000 in a grandparent scam after receiving a call from someone impersonating her granddaughter claiming to be in a car accident and detained by police; a man posing as a lawyer demanded money and arranged for someone to pick up the cash from her home. The scam is part of a larger trend of elder fraud that affected over 147,000 victims in 2024 with nearly $4.9 billion in losses, with criminals increasingly using AI voice cloning technology to make their impersonations more convincing. Experts recommend asking callers questions only real family members would know and establishing a family security word for emergencies.
wsoctv.com
**Summary:**
This educational piece explains why seniors are targeted by scammers—they tend to be trusting, have substantial savings, and keep finances private—and outlines key prevention strategies. The advice covers recognizing red flags (poor spelling, unusual payment requests, emotional manipulation, unsolicited contact), teaching parents what not to do (answer unknown contacts, click unsolicited links, share personal information), and implementing safeguards (monitoring accounts, using the Do Not Call Registry, freezing credit, and awareness of social media impersonation tactics).
greatnews.life
This 2013 overview identifies the top scams affecting La Porte County and beyond, with phishing (stealing personal information for identity theft) ranked as the most prevalent fraud. The top ten scams include grandparent impersonation schemes targeting elderly relatives, doorstep contractor fraud using high-pressure sales tactics, work-from-home schemes, lottery scams, Nigerian advance-fee frauds, and account hijacking of email and social media platforms. The article emphasizes that internet growth and social networking have expanded scam delivery methods and increased victim numbers significantly, with many scams persisting or resurfacing over years despite awareness efforts.
amac.us
The grandparent scam tricks seniors into sending money to scammers posing as distressed grandchildren or relatives in crisis. Scammers exploit grandparents' emotional vulnerability and willingness to help by researching personal information online, impersonating authority figures, and requesting untraceable payments via wire transfer or gift cards. Modern variants use sophisticated technology including caller ID spoofing and AI voice cloning to appear more convincing, making these scams increasingly difficult to distinguish from legitimate requests.
witl.com
A study analyzing FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center data from 2021-2024 found that Millennials in Michigan rank third nationally as cybercrime victims, averaging approximately 3,000 scam incidents annually compared to 2,385 for seniors. The higher victimization rate among Millennials is attributed to their greater digital dependence for networking, socializing, shopping, and banking, which makes them more vulnerable targets for criminals than seniors who use technology less frequently.
tulsapeople.com
Scam losses in Oklahoma exceeded $72 million in 2024 and have tripled over the past five years, with increasingly emotionally manipulative tactics targeting older adults. Common scams include phishing, grandparent scams, tech support fraud, romance scams, and cryptocurrency schemes. Protection strategies include pausing before clicking links, researching contacts independently, using strong passwords with two-factor authentication, avoiding cryptocurrency and gift card payments, and reporting suspected fraud to the Oklahoma Attorney General, FTC, or AARP's Fraud Watch helpline.
hermoney.com
Online dating scams, tech support fraud, and fake e-commerce websites represent increasingly sophisticated threats that affect people across all age groups. In 2023, online dating scams alone generated 64,003 reports with $1.14 billion in losses, with scammers using months of emotional manipulation and professionally researched personal details to build false trust before requesting money. The article provides preventative strategies including reverse image searches for dating profiles, verification of tech support legitimacy through official company websites, and use of scam-detection tools before purchasing from unfamiliar retailers.
indianexpress.com
A 78-year-old man in Noida lost Rs 3.14 crore in a "digital arrest" scam where criminals impersonating TRAI, police, CBI, and Supreme Court officials trapped him in fake video calls for 15 days, threatening him with money-laundering charges and forcing him to transfer funds to a fake "Secret Supervision Account." Cybercrimes against seniors have surged 86 percent between 2020 and 2022, with common scams including digital arrest, investment fraud, deepfakes, and government impersonation—schemes that exploit seniors' trust and vulnerability to urgency-based tactics through means they struggle to recognize
roanoke.com
Gareth West, alleged leader of a grandparent scam network operating out of Montreal, was arrested in Quebec for defrauding American seniors of approximately $30 million through a complex scheme employing dozens of people. The article also documents a specific case in which Roanoke residents Ewell and Louise Beirne lost $75,000 after clicking on a fraudulent pop-up warning about their bank account, and provides ten key fraud prevention tips including refusing urgency, verifying through official channels, avoiding irreversible payment methods, and resisting pressure to keep transactions secret.
inkl.com
Phone-based elder scams remain prevalent in 2024, with fraudsters using evolving tactics that exploit trust and urgency to target older adults. Common scams include Medicare impersonation, fake tech support, grandparent emergency schemes, lottery/prize offers, utility company threats, and government agency impersonation—each designed to steal personal information, drain bank accounts, or install malware. The key protection strategy is to never share personal information over unsolicited calls, verify requests independently by contacting official sources directly, and ask verification questions that only legitimate contacts would know.
rappler.com
Rappler is hosting "Lolo at Lola Laban Sa Scam," a free all-day educational event on September 16, 2025, in Manila to help elderly citizens and families protect themselves against digital scams through workshops and expert panels. The event addresses a growing threat: the Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center received over 10,000 scam complaints in 2024 (triple the 2023 number), with older adults particularly vulnerable to emotionally manipulative fraud schemes. Participants will learn how to document scams, verify information, and improve digital safety through hands-on workshops led by government officials and fact-checking experts.
newsbreak.com
The article discusses a surge in impersonation scams targeting seniors, where scammers pose as government agencies or trusted businesses (like Amazon) to convince victims to transfer money for "protection," ultimately stealing it. The FTC reports a nearly 200% increase in reports of older Americans losing up to $10,000 since 2020, with a 400% increase in losses exceeding $100,000, and younger Americans are increasingly affected. The piece provides protective advice including being wary of money transfer requests, refusing demands for gift cards or cryptocurrency transfers, and hanging up to independently verify caller claims.
fox6now.com
Banks warn seniors to beware of phone scams involving "spoofing," where fraudsters impersonate legitimate financial institutions to steal personal and account information. Common scams targeting seniors include grandparent schemes, romance fraud, and business-targeted phishing calls; while there is no guarantee victims will recover lost funds, banks advise never sharing passwords or account details over the phone and hanging up to independently verify any suspicious calls before providing information.
commonsenseinstituteus.org
Financial fraud in Oregon resulted in an estimated $201 million in reported losses and $1.2 billion in unreported losses in 2025, with the FBI and FTC reporting significant increases in fraud cases nationwide. The state's economy faces a projected $3.9 billion reduction in GDP, $2.6 billion reduction in personal income, and approximately 15,000 job losses due to all financial fraud (reported and unreported). Oregon ranks 26th-28th among states for cyber-enabled crime losses and elder fraud complaints, with fraud cases up 3,336 since 2022 and total losses up 285% since 2020.
portageonline.com
Two retired servicemen in Portage la Prairie—retired RCMP officer Colin Wilcox and Canadian Armed Forces veteran Glen Jones—launched a grassroots fraud prevention education program in March 2024, distributing hundreds of pamphlets and presenting to seniors' groups across Manitoba after witnessing a sharp increase in scams targeting older adults. Their presentations, supported by local businesses and the National Association of Federal Retirees, have reached several hundred people and highlighted real cases including a woman who lost $7,500 to a scammer impersonating a friend and the "grandparent scam" where callers claim a grandchild is in jail. The initiative emphasizes prevention strategies such as
portageonline.com
Two retired servicemen in Portage la Prairie—retired RCMP officer Colin Wilcox and Canadian Armed Forces veteran Glen Jones—launched a grassroots fraud prevention education program in March 2024 that has since delivered about 20 presentations to seniors' groups across Manitoba and neighbouring communities, distributing hundreds of pamphlets and pointer cards with fraud prevention tips. The presentations have documented significant losses, including one case where a woman lost $7,500 to a scammer posing as a friend, and highlight common schemes such as the "grandparent scam" and computer-generated robocalls. The program emphasizes prevention strategies, such as recognizing the telltale
yahoo.com
Federal investigators charged 13 people, including alleged ringleader Oscar Manuel Castanos Garcia, in connection with a "grandparent scam" operation based in the Dominican Republic that defrauded approximately 400 elderly victims (average age 84) of over $5 million. The scammers posed as grandchildren in distress and used accomplices posing as lawyers to pressure victims into withdrawing cash, which was then collected by Uber drivers and laundered; Uber's security team helped the FBI uncover the scheme by flagging suspicious activity. Many victims lost tens of thousands of dollars each, and authorities warn that most will not recover their money, with four suspects still at large.
ktvo.com
Iowa Attorney General Brenna Bird warned seniors about common scams ahead of National Senior Citizens Day, including impostor schemes where scammers pose as family members or falsely claim victims are involved in crimes requiring payment. The article highlights a case where victim Lynne Caltrider was scammed out of a considerable amount of money directed to a cryptocurrency ATM, though authorities recovered a portion and arrested individuals involved; Caltrider received recognition for sharing her story to help law enforcement. The attorney general urges older Iowans to remain cautious, recognize warning signs, and report suspected scams to the Iowa Attorney General's office.
woay.com
Older adults in West Virginia are frequently targeted by scammers using robocalls, texts, and social media schemes that exploit personal information to build false credibility. Common tactics include impersonating legitimate businesses, the IRS, or family members in distress, then pressuring victims to purchase Green Dot cards, Bitcoin, or other untraceable payment methods. Police advise seniors to question callers without disclosing personal information and recognize that legitimate businesses never operate through unsolicited contact demanding immediate payment.