Search
Explore the Archive
Search across 26,669 articles about elder fraud. Filter by fraud type, payment mechanism, or keywords.
8,010 results
in Financial Crime
abc7news.com
A reformed Nigerian scammer who stole over $70,000 through romance and tax-related fraud now works for Social Catfish to combat similar schemes, as government impersonation scams surge nationwide. California experienced record losses of $88.3 million in 2023, with the FBI reporting $394 million lost to government impersonation scams overall—a 63% increase from 2022. The five most prevalent tax-related scams targeting victims include Turbo Tax phishing, fake accountant schemes, IRS spoofing calls, unclaimed refund emails, and fraudulent Employee Retention Credit promotions.
justice.gov
A Texas man, Oluseun Martins Omole, pleaded guilty to wire fraud conspiracy for operating a scheme that defrauded thousands of U.S. victims of over $12 million in consumer electronics between February 2018 and March 2023. Working with a Nigerian-based criminal enterprise, Omole received fraudulently obtained goods through romance scams, fake online marketplace listings, and employment scams, then repackaged and shipped them overseas while earning hundreds of thousands in fees. He faces up to 20 years in prison and has agreed to pay restitution and asset forfeiture as part of his plea agreement.
mirror.co.uk
In 2023, over 374,000 fraud cases were reported to the UK's Cifas National Fraud Database, with identity theft comprising 64% of incidents (237,000+ cases) and criminals increasingly using AI, deepfakes, and social engineering tactics to steal consumer details and compromise bank accounts. Cifas members prevented £1.8 billion in fraud losses, but warned that economic pressures and account takeover attempts—including sophisticated voice spoofing for security questions—represent growing threats to consumers across banking, finance, insurance, and retail sectors.
justice.gov
The U.S. Attorney's Office in North Carolina warned the public about IRS imposter scams and other financial fraud schemes targeting older adults, particularly around Tax Day. According to the FBI's 2023 Internet Crimes Report, individuals 60 and older filed 101,068 complaints and sustained $3.4 billion in losses, with tech support scams, government impersonation, phishing, romance scams, and non-delivery schemes being the most common schemes. Federal prosecutors used an interactive "Fraud Bingo" educational tool at a senior center to help older adults, caregivers, and community workers recognize fraud tactics and report suspicious activity to help recover stolen funds and identify emerging
justice.gov
A Canadian man, Patrice Runner, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for operating a psychic mass-mailing fraud scheme that defrauded over 1.3 million victims—primarily elderly and vulnerable Americans—of more than $175 million between 1994 and 2014. The scheme involved sending fraudulent letters falsely attributed to psychics Maria Duval and Patrick Guerin, promising wealth and happiness in exchange for fees, then bombarding victims who paid with dozens of follow-up letters requesting additional payments. Runner, who operated through shell companies in Canada and Hong Kong while living in multiple countries, was extradited from Spain in 2020 to face federal charges of mail
wowo.com
The U.S. Marshals Service and FBI are warning of a surge in sophisticated phone scams where criminals impersonate law enforcement officials, using real badge numbers, officer names, and spoofed government phone numbers to appear credible. Victims in the Northern District of Indiana and across the nation have been deceived into withdrawing cash, purchasing gift cards, and transferring funds under false claims that their identities were stolen or bank accounts compromised, with losses reaching tens of thousands of dollars. Authorities urge victims to report incidents to the FBI and FTC, and remind the public never to share financial information with unsolicited callers or send money to anyone claiming to be law enforcement.
michigan.gov
Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel re-issued an alert in April 2024 warning small and midsized business owners about tax scams targeting entrepreneurs during tax season, including W-2 phishing schemes, fraudulent Employer Identification Number websites, and IRS imposter calls demanding immediate payment. Scammers use threats of legal action, fake tax bills, and refund promises to deceive business owners and employees, putting company data and finances at serious risk. The AG recommends businesses implement security protocols, train employees to recognize scams, and report suspected fraud to the IRS, FTC, or FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center.
yourvalley.net
Donald Franklin Huegel, a California resident, was sentenced to four years in prison for his role in a romance scam that defrauded two elderly Arizona victims of nearly $400,000 combined. Operating for two years, Huegel funneled money from victims who were contacted by scammers posing as romantic interests online (using fake profiles "Chad Callahan" and "Michael Williams") and later threatened with identity theft claims to extract additional payments. Huegel was convicted of fraudulent schemes, illegal enterprise, money laundering, and theft, with restitution to be determined at a future hearing.
wccbcharlotte.com
The U.S. Attorney's Office in Charlotte issued a warning about IRS imposter scams and other financial fraud schemes targeting older adults, noting that victims often suffer substantial monetary losses and emotional distress. According to the FBI's 2023 Internet Crimes Report, individuals aged 60 and above filed 101,068 complaints and lost $3.4 billion to fraud, with tech support scams, government impersonation, phishing, romance scams, and non-delivery schemes being the most common schemes. Federal prosecutors conducted "Fraud Bingo" education sessions at senior centers to teach older adults about fraudster tactics and encourage reporting to help identify trends and recover stolen funds.
mercurynews.com
Thirty-one Marin County residents lost $33 million to online investment scams in 2023, with the FBI's San Francisco territory reporting nearly $400 million in total losses across multiple counties, and nationwide losses reaching $4.5 billion (a 38% increase from the prior year). Scammers typically promise unrealistic returns on "innovative" investments or cryptocurrency schemes, either failing to invest victims' money or investing only a portion while pocketing the rest. The FBI advises victims to report schemes immediately to the Internet Crime Complaint Center, as those involving wire transfers may be recoverable with prompt reporting.
keyt.com
Experts at a Goleta Community Center session identified common scams targeting residents, including fraudulent contacts impersonating utility companies, government agencies, and tech support firms that request payment via wire transfers, Venmo, or bank accounts. The presentation covered various fraud schemes including identity theft, telemarketing, home improvement, and mail fraud, with recommendations to use locked mailboxes and avoid sending gift cards or checks through the mail to prevent financial losses.
wafb.com
The IRS warned that imposter scams were the top fraud category in 2023, with scammers increasingly posing as IRS agents via phone calls, emails, and social media to demand immediate payment for alleged tax debts and threaten arrest. The IRS clarified that it will never call demanding immediate payment or contact about taxes owed without first mailing a bill, and provided guidance for reporting such scams to the Treasury Inspector General, IRS, and Federal Trade Commission.
thaiexaminer.com
Thai police disrupted a transnational call scam network operating across Asia that planned to use Elon Musk's Starlink satellite system to bypass traditional telecommunications networks and conduct fraud operations targeting Thai residents. The operation, believed to be Chinese-controlled and staffed by Burmese, Thai, Lao, and Chinese personnel, was based in the Golden Triangle region near Laos and Cambodia; authorities intercepted a shipment of high-tech communications equipment valued at approximately ฿5.4 million destined for the area. This discovery marks the first time Starlink technology was found being used for criminal purposes in Thailand and comes after reports indicating Thai people are highly susceptible to online
marinij.com
Thirty-one Marin County residents lost $33 million to online investment scams in 2023, according to an FBI report, with the broader San Francisco territory reporting nearly $400 million in losses across multiple counties. The typical scam involves criminals promising unrealistic returns on investments (often cryptocurrency-related) and either failing to invest victim funds or pocketing most of the money, exploiting victims' lack of knowledge about complex financial products. Nationwide, online investment fraud losses reached $4.5 billion in 2023, a 38% increase from the prior year, and the FBI recommends victims file complaints immediately through its Internet Crime Complaint Center, as some funds may be recoverable
yahoo.com
A senior in Oceanside, California, was defrauded of $50,000 through a pop-up scam falsely claiming their bank account was compromised; when scammers attempted to collect an additional $40,000, police and the FBI Elder Justice Task Force coordinated with the victim to apprehend 44-year-old Chi Hung Duong, who was arrested and charged with bail set at $200,000. The case highlights the dangers of pop-up scams and courier-based fraud schemes targeting seniors.
justice.gov
Scott Blair, a 51-year-old Commonwealth's Attorney in Perry County, Kentucky, was charged with honest services wire fraud for allegedly using his official position from April 2020 to March 2024 to assist criminal defendants in exchange for things of value, including sexual favors and methamphetamine. The FBI, Kentucky Attorney General's Office, and Kentucky State Police conducted the investigation that led to the federal criminal complaint filed on Friday.
heraldmailmedia.com
A 75-year-old Maryland woman lost $86,000 in a tech support scam that began with a fake iPad security alert. After being directed to call a fake "Apple Support" number, scammers convinced her that her bank accounts were compromised and persuaded her to withdraw cash and purchase gift cards to "secure" her money. The scam was interrupted when a bank security officer at F&M Trust recognized the suspicious $62,500 withdrawal and alerted authorities, leading to the arrest of two New York men who arrived at her home to collect the cash.
azfamily.com
California resident Donald Franklin Huegel was sentenced to four years in prison for his role in romance scams targeting two elderly Arizona victims, stealing nearly $400,000. Huegel posed as a romantic interest online (using aliases like "Chad Callahan" and "Michael Williams") and funneled victims' money to co-conspirators in Africa, with one victim sending over $90,000 and another sending over $367,000. He was convicted of fraudulent schemes, money laundering, and theft, with a restitution hearing to be scheduled for the victims.
techtimes.com
Hong Kong authorities arrested 1,121 people in "Operation AttackPlan," a major crackdown on a cross-border online scam ring linked to 952 fraud cases totaling approximately HK$2.2 billion (US$280 million) in losses. The operation dismantled a money laundering syndicate that had moved over HK$230 million through "stooge accounts" and cryptocurrency purchases, with the syndicate recruiting mainlanders to facilitate illicit fund transfers between Hong Kong and mainland China. The busts come as Hong Kong faces a surge in fraud, with online scams accounting for nearly 68% of cases and authorities urging the public to use detection tools to identify suspicious
ptcnews.tv
Vishal Ahuja, 31, a Delhi resident, was arrested for operating a fake bank job scam after becoming a victim of a similar scheme himself. He advertised fraudulent job openings for banking positions on WorkIndia, sending counterfeit offer letters and collecting fees from victims; the investigation began when Sagar Ranga reported losing Rs 6,829 after responding to one such advertisement. Ahuja was apprehended at Dwarka Mor Metro Station while attempting to meet another victim, and interrogation revealed he had victimized multiple people using proxy accounts and forged documents, while also exploiting an accomplice (Anupama) whose identity he used to open
news18.com
A 29-year-old man, Prince Kumar Sinha, was arrested by Mumbai Police for attempting to defraud social media influencer Pooja Anandani by posing as a casting agent for Akshay Kumar's production house Cape of Good Films. The suspect lured the victim with fake job offers and a fabricated film project, arranging meetings under false pretenses before police intervened and arrested him at a hotel in Juhu. Authorities warn the public to verify the legitimacy of employment offers to avoid similar casting and job-related fraud schemes.
azag.gov
California resident Donald Franklin Huegel was sentenced to four years in prison for his role in a romance scam that defrauded two elderly Arizona residents of nearly $400,000 over two years. Huegel participated in the scheme by funneling victim payments to co-conspirators in Africa after victims were lured by fake online profiles ("Chad Callahan" and "Michael Williams") and manipulated into sending money under false pretenses, including claims their identities were on the Dark Web. The first victim lost over $90,000 and the second lost over $367,000; Huegel was convicted of fraudulent schemes, money laundering, and theft, and will be required to pay
justice.gov
John Kyle Muller of Boulder, Colorado pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud for operating a prize notice scam from 2012 to February 2018 that defrauded thousands of consumers, predominantly elderly victims, of over $15 million. The scheme involved mailing millions of fraudulent notices claiming recipients had won cash prizes, then charging $20-$50 fees to claim non-existent rewards, while victims received only worthless reports or trinkets. Muller and his co-conspirators were shut down in February 2018 through U.S. Postal Inspection Service search warrants and a federal court order.
thebrunswicknews.com
STAR of Coastal Georgia will host a free educational workshop on April 16 for senior citizens focused on recognizing and protecting against elder fraud, scams, and identity theft, with presentations from Bank of America representatives. Registration is required by calling 912-265-0620 or visiting starofcoastalga.org for the 9:30-11 a.m. event at their Brunswick location.
mymcmedia.org
The Montgomery County Office of Consumer Protection warns homeowners about unlicensed driveway-paving scammers who typically target residents in spring, using tactics like unsolicited offers, pressure for cash deposits, and claims of leftover materials to defraud victims. These scammers either abandon projects midway, leave properties damaged, or complete substandard work at inflated prices with no warranty protection, potentially resulting in civil or criminal charges including fraud and property destruction. Homeowners should verify contractors have a Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC) license, obtain written contracts, and avoid cash-only deals or unsolicited offers with pressure for quick decisions.
udel.edu
University of Delaware Police warned the campus community about phone scams in which fraudsters impersonated law enforcement and university employees, calling students and threatening arrest or disciplinary action unless they transferred money via wire transfer, bank transfer, gift cards, or payment apps like Venmo or Cash App. Police emphasized that legitimate law enforcement never calls to threaten legal action or request payment, and advised students to hang up on suspected scams, report incidents to UD Police at 302-831-2222, and monitor their financial accounts for unauthorized activity.
northjersey.com
Morris County authorities warned seniors that Americans lose over $10 billion annually to scams including fake bank notifications, phony job offers, and romance fraud, noting that many senior victims don't report losses due to embarrassment and fear of losing independence. The Prosecutor's Office Financial Crimes Unit provided protection tips including avoiding suspicious links and attachments, never sharing ID or passport information via webcam, and refusing requests for wire transfers, gift cards, or cryptocurrency payments. Authorities emphasized that victims should report fraud immediately to increase chances of financial recovery and aid law enforcement investigations.
ktar.com
Donald Franklin Huegel, a California man, was sentenced to four years in prison for orchestrating romance scams that defrauded two elderly Arizona women of over $481,000 combined. Working with co-conspirators in Africa, Huegel used fake online profiles ("Chad Callahan" and "Michael Williams") to build romantic relationships with his victims, then manipulated them into sending money through various tactics including identity theft threats. A restitution hearing is pending, and Huegel will serve three years of probation following his prison term.
justice.gov
Uwemedimo Umoren, a Georgia man, was sentenced to three years in prison for laundering over $8 million in proceeds from a Nigeria-based fraud enterprise that operated from 2016 to 2021. The criminal scheme primarily targeted vulnerable elderly Americans through investment, business email compromise, and romance scams, with at least 17 victims suffering significant financial and emotional harm, including one elderly man whose stress-induced stroke contributed to his death. Umoren was ordered to forfeit $8.23 million and pay $1.24 million in restitution for his role in receiving and laundering the fraud proceeds through shell company bank accounts he controlled.
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
A 68-year-old businessman in Mumbai lost Rs80,000 to an AI voice cloning scam where fraudsters impersonated the Indian Embassy in Dubai, falsely claiming his son was arrested and playing a cloned voice of his son pleading for bail. A second victim, a 58-year-old professor, lost Rs1 lakh in a similar scheme where a caller impersonated a police inspector claiming her son was detained; cybercriminals used AI to gather family details from social media. Experts warn that AI voice cloning scams are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and advise verifying distressed calls directly with the supposed victim or authorities before transferring money.
justice.gov
Linda Laird, 59, and her father James Blizzard, 80, of Cordova, Maryland, were indicted on charges including Social Security fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, and financial exploitation of an elderly person. Beginning in November 2017, the defendants fraudulently obtained guardianship and conservatorship of an 81-year-old cognitively impaired nursing home resident, then diverted over $21,000 in Social Security benefits and $85,000 from the victim's bank account for their personal use instead of applying the funds toward her care. Both defendants were released pending trial in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.
the-sun.com
Bank manager Andrea Nicole Hopkins stole $328,273 from four elderly customers (ages 80-95) at Commerce Bank in St. Louis between February 2020 and May 2021 by transferring funds into cashier's checks and prepaid cards, forging signatures, and altering account statements to fund her personal expenses and debts. Hopkins pleaded guilty to four counts of bank fraud and was sentenced to 18 months in federal prison in May 2023; Commerce Bank returned all stolen funds to the victims.
justice.gov
Between 2018 and 2022, six collegiate track and field athletes at U.S. universities received and transferred over $820,000 in proceeds from Nigerian-based fraud schemes (romance, goods, and military scams) that targeted more than 100 American victims. Aniekeme Etim, a 24-year-old from Georgia, was sentenced to three years of probation, a $74,847.52 fine, and $123,116.50 in restitution for her role as a money conduit, while her co-defendants received prison sentences ranging from 36 to 46 months and remain subject to deportation.
nia.nih.gov
An NIA-funded study of 644 older adults (average age 85) simulating government imposter scams found that a significant minority are vulnerable to fraud despite lacking cognitive impairment. When contacted about fake Social Security and Medicare account issues, 68.5% did not engage, but among those who responded, 16.4% engaged without skepticism and 12% provided personal information; vulnerability correlated with lower cognitive ability, financial literacy, and scam awareness. Researchers note that actual scam conversion rates are likely higher in real-world scenarios given participants were predominantly White, highly educated women exposed to less intensive tactics than actual scammers use.
beaconjournal.com
A Tallmadge police sergeant investigated a 2019 online dating scam that defrauded a local woman of $60,000 and uncovered a multi-state money-laundering operation involving victims across Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Florida, and Texas, including one couple who lost $375,000. The investigation led to the arrest of six people in Rhode Island who were processing fraudulent funds through compromised bank accounts and money orders. The FBI reported 19,000 romance scam complaints nationally in 2022 with losses exceeding $739 million, typically targeting women over 40.
southcoasttoday.com
Chukwunonso "Douglas" Umegbo, a 39-year-old former New Bedford man, was sentenced to 42 months in prison for operating a romance scam between 2018 and 2019, defrauding victims of over $568,000 by creating fake online personas and romantic relationships to solicit money through fraudulent bank accounts. He was arrested in London in April 2022 and extradited to the U.S., where he pleaded guilty to wire fraud, money laundering, and false statements to banks, and must pay $578,954 in restitution and forfeiture.
aol.com
Chukwunonso Umegbo, a former New Bedford man, was sentenced to 42 months in prison for operating a romance scam between 2018 and 2019, defrauding victims of over $568,000 by creating fake online personas to develop romantic relationships and extract money. Umegbo used multiple aliases and bank accounts in the Greater Boston area to receive and launder victim funds through cash withdrawals and cashier's checks, and continued the scheme even after leaving the U.S. by coordinating with co-conspirators. He was arrested in London in April 2022, extradited to the U.S. in February 2023, and ordered to pay
wdam.com
Six collegiate track athletes, including former William Carey University athlete Aniekeme Etim, were prosecuted for operating an unlicensed money transmission business that facilitated overseas fraud schemes between 2018 and 2022. Nigerian-based fraudsters used romance scams, fraudulent goods scams, and military scams to target over 100 U.S. victims, with the athletes receiving and transferring more than $820,000 overseas; Etim received a three-year probation sentence, a $74,847.52 fine, and was ordered to pay $123,116.50 in restitution.
k923.fm
Matthew David Keirans, a 58-year-old former University of Iowa hospital IT employee, pleaded guilty to federal identity theft charges after impersonating William Woods for three decades, earning over $140,000 annually while living in Milwaukee. The fraud was discovered when the real William Woods, whom Keirans had met in the 1980s, reported the identity theft to authorities; Woods had previously spent two years in prison and was institutionalized after being wrongly accused of the crime himself. Keirans faces several years in prison, and a hearing is scheduled to clear Woods' name.
justice.gov
Darlington Akporugo, 46, a Nigerian resident of Fulshear, Texas, was charged with conspiring with Jasmin Sood to defraud over a dozen elderly Americans in a romance scam that operated between 2015 and 2022, resulting in approximately $3.1 million in losses. The perpetrators created fictitious online personas on dating platforms to build trust with elderly, often widowed victims before convincing them to transfer money to fraudster-controlled accounts, and in at least one case, approached a victim in person to drive her to banks and gain control of her banking access devices. Both defendants face up to 30 years imprisonment on wire frau
nbcmiami.com
Home health care worker Dahamara Cuervo Alonso was arrested in Miami-Dade County after exploiting an 86-year-old client with advanced cognitive issues by tricking her and her disabled adult son into signing a fraudulent quit claim deed transferring ownership of their condo to Cuervo Alonso, despite the documents being written in English when only Spanish was understood by the victims. Cuervo Alonso, who had worked for the family for less than a year, was charged with grand theft over $100,000, exploitation of elderly persons, and organized fraud scheme over $50,000, and was held on a $45,000 bond.
khou.com
Darlington Akporugo, 46, and Jasmin Sood, 35, from Fulshear, Texas, were charged with conspiracy to commit wire and mail fraud for operating romance scams targeting elderly victims, particularly widows, through social media and online dating sites between 2015 and 2022. The pair used fake identities to build trust with over a dozen victims nationwide before requesting money, defrauding them of a total of $3.1 million; in at least one case, they approached a victim in person and gained control of her banking access devices. If convicted, both face up to 30 years in prison on wire fraud charges, with
wdam.com
Six collegiate track and field athletes, including four from William Carey University, were prosecuted for operating an unlicensed money transmission business as part of overseas fraud schemes originating in Nigeria between 2018-2022. The athletes received funds from over 100 victims and transferred more than $820,000 abroad through romance scams, fraudulent goods scams, and military scams; Aniekeme Etim, the last defendant sentenced, received three years probation and was ordered to pay $74,847.52 in fines plus $123,116.50 in restitution. All six defendants face potential deportation and were ordered to make restitution to their respective victims
cpr.org
While younger adults are statistically more likely to fall for fraud, people over 70 lose significantly more money overall. An 80-year-old man in Aurora lost $20,000 after scammers posed as his bank's fraud department over several weeks, convincing him to withdraw cash and convert it to Bitcoin at a gas station ATM. Deputy Ryan Falkner of the Douglas County Sheriff's Office identifies the most prevalent current scams targeting older adults as popup virus warnings and jury duty/arrest warrant phone scams, recommending that victims turn off their computers and never pay via gift cards or cryptocurrency.
longisland.news12.com
Scams targeting seniors on Long Island increased significantly in 2023, with over 3,000 reported incidents resulting in $73 million stolen in Nassau County and $53 million in Suffolk County, according to AARP data. Authorities warn residents to be suspicious of unsolicited contacts requesting money and have begun training bank tellers to identify and report suspicious withdrawal patterns.
cbsnews.com
A Miami home healthcare worker, Dahamara Cuervo Alonso, 48, was charged with grand theft, exploitation of the elderly, and organized fraud after fraudulently transferring an 86-year-old woman's condominium to herself through deceptive document signing. Cuervo Alonso exploited her position as caregiver to vulnerable clients—an elderly woman with cognitive impairment and her disabled son who spoke only Spanish—by having them sign English-language documents they could not read under the pretense of verifying work hours, ultimately stealing the home they both owned and relied on for their future security. The fraud was discovered when the son saw a YouTube video about
longisland.com
An 83-year-old victim in Saddle Rock was defrauded of $31,000 in a tech support scam after receiving a fake Microsoft notification on his computer claiming his device and bank account were compromised. Two men, Rong Chen, 47, and ZhenSheng Yu, 46, were arrested in April 2024 after collecting the cash withdrawals on behalf of the scammers, with Chen and Yu charged with Grand Larceny. The victim avoided additional loss by refusing a third request and contacting police.
kiplinger.com
Employees at a fulfillment center received fraudulent calls from scammers impersonating Social Security Administration, IRS, and other government agencies demanding money or threatening arrest. According to the Social Security Administration, these sophisticated scams cost consumers over $126 million in 2023, and victims should remain calm, never send money or personal information via phone demands, and report incidents to the Office of Inspector General at oig.ssa.gov or the SSA website.
santander.com
Cybercriminals are using fake news on social media to conduct financial fraud by impersonating banks, executives, and well-known individuals with altered images and fabricated investment opportunities. These fraudulent posts mimic legitimate news websites and banking platforms to trick users into clicking links that steal personal and banking information. Recent scams have falsely claimed to offer investment products endorsed by Santander, using an AI-altered image of an executive to appear credible.
nbcnewyork.com
Two individuals, Rong Chen and ZhenSheng Yu, were arrested for a tech support scam that defrauded an 83-year-old Long Island man of $31,000 in January. The scammers displayed a fake popup warning on the victim's computer, impersonated Microsoft support, and convinced him that his accounts were compromised and federal crimes were being committed, resulting in two cash withdrawals of $16,000 and $15,000 respectively that were collected in person. This case is part of a recent pattern of similar scams targeting Long Island residents, with multiple arrests made for variations of the same fraud scheme.